Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Texting and Driving: More Dangerous Than People Think
Texting and Driving: More Dangerous Than People Think Most people do not consider that texting and driving is in fact more dangerous than drunk driving. The research has proven that texting and driving is very dangerous and there have been studies that have also shown this point. Texting and driving is more threatening than drinking and driving because when people are texting and driving their mind is not on the road and neither are their eyes, but when drunk, the person is still some what aware of their surroundings. When someone texts and drives they are not only putting their life at risk but also everyone elses life who is also on the road. If a person is texting and driving their whole attention is on their phone, they can not concentrate on what is around them. Unlike drunk drivers, who might be aware of their impairment and act accordingly, texting drivers are oblivious to the risk they are taking (Moore). When someone takes the risk of texting and driving they have no idea of what is going on around them while they are driving. Their focus is on their cell phone rather than watching the road. When drinking and driving a persons reaction time is slowed down, but when texting and driving the person does not notice anything that is happening around them; therefore, they have no time to react. If someone is distracted while driving they have a chance of injuring or, even worse, killing someone else. The sender could also be injured or killed. If they do happen to make it out alive, th ey will have to deal with the consequences and regret that follows. Based on studies done it has been proven that texting and driving is actually more risky than drinking and driving. This study showed, The impaired driver was able to stop his vehicle within four feet of where he stopped while sober. This proves that even though he was legally drunk he still had some control of his vehicle. The second driver tried braking while reading a text. His vehicle stopped 36 feet beyond where he stopped when not distracted. This shows that while texting and driving a driver has little to no control of the vehicle. Next he tried stopping while sending a text and this time he went an extra 319 feet (Vaughan). When someone is on the road and is distracted their mind is elsewhere and they can not be aware of what is happening around them. This study gives people insight on how dangerous texting and driving truly is. People assume that drinking and driving is worse because everyone discusses how dangerous it is. In reality, a driver still has some reaction time wh ile driving drunk, when texting they do not. Texting and driving is hard to stop because people are so to being on their phones all the time that when they get in the car it is hard to stop. David Strayer, who studies cellphones and driving at the University of Utah stated, We may have gotten ourselves into an addiction that we might not be able to get out of' (Hanes). Cellphones have become such a huge part of peoples lives that when they get into a vehicle, they can not seem to put it down. On the road there are way more people who are texting and driving rather than people who drive drunk. It is an everyday thing for a person to text and drive, but it is not as common for a person to be driving drunk all the time. Cellphones have caused people to create habits such as texting and driving which are almost impossible to break. Texting and driving causes tragedies, kills, and ruins peoples lives. Nobody thinks about what could happen if someone texts and drives. When a person gets into a car there is already risks on the road of being hurt or killed. If you add a text or a phone call, the risks increase, and that means they could be that much closer to ending their life or someone elses. There are so many stories about people who have had a loved one end up dead due to a person who was sending a text. The text can wait, a life is more important than telling someone what you are doing. If someone has to tell someone else something important they can easily pull over somewhere and call. One tragedy that is in the article, Texting and Driving is More Risky than Driving Under the Influence, was an accident involving The sender and her four fellow New York high school cheerleaders slamming head-on into a truck, killing them all (Fumento). The person who decided to send the text was not thinking about what could happen and who she could hurt. The text was not worth her nor her friends lives, now their families have lost the ones they love and the teenagers lives were cut short; all because of a text, that could have waited. Texting and driving should be taken as serious as drinking and driving but it is not. There are serious consequences for drinking and driving but very little laws apply when someone texts and drives. When someone drinks and drives they face getting their license revoked, a huge fine, and even possible jail time. If someone were to text and drive there are really no consequences at all. There are not many states that even have laws regarding texting and driving. When caught texting and driving it was stated that A first offense is merely a $20 fine in California, and $50 for subsequent violations (Fumento). Although, if someone was caught drinking and driving their consequences would be ten times worse. They have a chance to face a couple years of jail time and to pay a huge fine that could be up to a couple $1,000. If laws were put in place for texting and driving it still wouldnt stop. In order to cut down texting and driving police officers would have to enforce the laws. There wou ld also have to be consequences for breaking the law, the same consequences that are given to drunk drivers. If texting and driving were to be cut down so many lives would be saved, and a life saved is one less heartbreak and one less loss. It is hard to face the facts and realize that texting and driving does put peoples lives in danger. Everyone texts and drives but nobody has to face any consequences for it. When somebody texts and drives they put others lives and their own life at risk. It is time to put the phone down, make a change, and stop texting and driving. References Fumento, Michael. Texting and Driving Is More Risky than Driving Under the Influence. Cell Phones and Driving, edited by Roman Espejo, Greenhaven Press, 2015. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010743227/OVIC?u=special_ovrcxid=2cbe766b. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Originally published as Texters, Youd Be Better off Driving Drunk, Los Angeles Times, June 2009. Hanes, Stephanie. Texting While Driving Is as Dangerous as Drunk Driving. Distracted Driving, edited by Stefan Kiesbye, Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010795205/OVIC?u=special_ovrcxid=1b191266. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Originally published as Texting While Driving: The New Drunk Driving, Christian Science Monitor, 5 Nov. 2009. Moore, Charles. Texting While Driving Is More Dangerous than Driving Under the Influence. Cell Phones and Driving, edited by Stefan Kiesbye, Greenhaven Press, 2011. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010743213/OVIC?u=special_ovrcxid=6194cfb5. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017. Originally published as Texting Kills: Cell Phone Use Impairs Drivers More than Alcohol, LowEndMac.com, 27 July 2009. Texting as dangerous as drinking and driving. Globe Mail [Toronto, Canada], 17 Aug. 2012, p. D8. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A299921824/OVIC?u=special_ovrcxid=4648dacd. Accessed 3 Feb. 2017.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Skin Color in Black Like Me :: Black Like Me Essays
Black Like Me            Skin Color  What is the value of skin color? In the biological point of view, it is worth nothing. In the social point of view, it represents community standings, dignity, confidence or something people have never imagined. In the story Black Like Me, by John Howard Griffin, a white Southern reporter, who is the author and the main character, experienced an unforgettable journey in the Deep South. Mr. Griffin has a heart, which is filled with curiosity; he therefore undertook a significant project. He took several medical treatments to change his skin pigments from white to black in order to write a report. To create a successful project, Griffin had to leave his wife to be a temporary African American. Being an African American brought him many unfair encounters. However, after he changed back to a Caucasian, the attitude of everyone had immediately turned, and they treated him well. Mr. Griffin felt bad, and he told everyone about his experiences by writing book s and attending press interviews. Throughout these hard times, one can read this book and find out the characteristics of the author, how he saw the light bulb, and the truth that he wanted people to understand.           Mr. Griffin was a middle age white man who lived with his wife and children. He was not oriented to his family. He decided to pass his own society to the black society. Although this decision might help most of the African Americans, he had to sacrifice his gathering time with his family. â€Å"She offered, as her part of the project, her willingness to lead, with our three children, the unsatisfactory family life of a household deprived of husband and father†(Griffin 9). Leaving Mrs. Griffin and his children would deprive them of the care they needed. Even though he was not oriented to his family, he was full of courage. He was willing to discuss topics that people hesitated to talk about, trying new ideas that people were afraid to do. After turning back to his own skin color, he attended most media conferences and also wrote books about what he had gone through. During those interviews, Griffin was ve ry considerate. He requested Wallace, a reporter, to report carefully so that he would not hurt his African American friends. â€Å"Please†¦ Don’t mention those names on the air.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Psychopathology And Traumas Essay
Abstract            This paper is a literature review of studies and discussions of the effect of various stressors to children, such as violence, sexual abuse, and trauma. There are also some articles that explain how the human brain processes and adapts to these various factors. The goal of all these articles is to understand and explain the relationships between different stressors in the way that a child’s brain develops. They presume that the brain is the organ responsible for causing different children from reacting differently to the various stressors in their childhood. There is also a discussion analyzing the relationship between the size of the hippocampus and exposure to stress. These articles provide valuable insight into a very important aspect of human life, specifically, coping with trauma.     The article of Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston and Shafran discussed sexual behavior in children, with the goal of understanding the relationship between sexual behavior and sexual abuse. The authors of this article believed that the existing literature had gathered limited knowledge on the topic of normative sexual behavior among children (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            In order to achieve an understanding of normative childhood sexual behavior, the authors conducted a study of children between the ages two and twelve, whose sexual behaviors were rated by primary female caregivers, such as their parents and day care providers. The children were screened on whether they were sexually abused. The authors likewise used a 38-item scale called the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory, Third Version, to assess the children’s sexual behavior, the diversity of which could cover a wide range (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            After the study, the authors found that the children exhibited a broad range of sexual behaviors, such as such as exhibitionistic behavior or excessive modesty. Sexual behaviors also had different frequencies, and these are influenced by the age groups of the children, as well as other factors, like maternal education, family stress and violence, and number of hours spent in day care (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998).            Specifically, the authors noted that â€Å"a review of the reported endorsement frequencies indicated that for each age and gender group, there are 1 to 5 items that at least 20% of the parents endorsed.†This led the authors to conclude that the behavior of the children could be considered development-related sexual behaviors, and not too far removed from the mean (Friedrich, Fisher, Broughton, Houston & Shafran, 1998, p. 3).            On the other hand, the article by Ford and Kidd on Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) sought to determine whether early childhood trauma could be considered as a predictor of the outcome of treatment for people with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. This goal is influenced by studies showing the prevalence of early childhood trauma in cases of people with recurring PTSD (Ford & Kidd).            A study with participants from patients in a PTSD live-in rehabilitation facility, who were exposed to trauma, was conducted. Most participants were classified as trauma-exposed since they came from war zone military duty. Others who did not show â€Å"pervasive avoidance and emotional numbing symptomatology†were considered people who had to trauma-related experience. Structured interviews were conducted to classify patients to determine their classification as a person with PTSD or Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). Participants were asked in interviews whether they were exposed to certain traumatic events, such as witnessing the death of a family member or experiencing sexual abuse. On the other hand, DESNOS was a good empirical basis for treatment planning of PTSD. DESNOS is considered a good instrument in assessing trauma and treatment planning for PSTD because it has been observed in previous studies that most war veterans with PTSD also had histories of DESNOS symptoms (Ford & Kidd).        On a different aspect of trauma and its effect on children, Gilbertson, Shenton, Ciszewski, Kasai, Lasko, Orr and Pitman (2002), investigated the validity of the hypothesis that Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma and conducted a study to determine the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and the tendency of a person to develop PTSD. The researchers’ hypothesis focused on the hippocampus of animals that the hippocampus gets damaged by severe stress and that humans with stress-related psychiatric conditions have smaller hippocampal volume. Hence, the researchers investigated whether the smaller hippocampal volume comes before or after a severely stressful event. If smaller hippocampal volume comes before the event, then it would mean that it is a preexisting condition of the person and not influenced by trauma, violence or stress. On the other hand, if the smaller hippocampal volume comes after the event, then it means that it is a result of the trauma caused by the experience (Gilbertson, Shenton, Ciszewski, Kasai, Lasko, Orr, & Pitman, 2002).  Using a â€Å"case-control†design, Gilbertson, et al. conducted a study to analyze the the hippocampi volume of monozygotic twins. The twins have the same genetic makeup, which the researchers theorized any difference in the volumes of their hippocampi may be caused by external factors, such as stress. Thus, the study involved twins, where one is exposed to a traumatic event such as combat, and the other one is not exposed (Gilbertson et al, 2002). After comparison of images taken through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the researchers concluded that the volumes of the hippocampi of the twin subjects are preexisting vulnerability factors. This means that smaller hippocampal volumes are not caused by mere exposure to stress. There conclusion was based on the finding that there was no significant difference between the hippocampal volumes of twins who were and were not exposed to traumatic events (Gilbertson et al., 2002).             In the next article however, no case study was conducted, but Perry (1997) explained the workings of the human brain in relation to exposure to violence. In Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the ‘Cycle of Violence’ In: Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions introduced the concept of a person’s adaptability to experience through a brief discussion of the process of development that began centuries ago. Perry traced the development of the human brain through a process called sociocultural evolution. Perry pointed out the human existence had long been pervaded by violence, which began from interspecies violence to interspecies violence, from prehistoric times. Perry believed that up to the present, different forms of violence, such as physical abuse, victimize of children. Thus, Perry sought answers on matters relating to the effect of violence on parents and children, particularly in the c ontext of neurodevelopment (Perry, 1997).            Perry discussed how violence affects children. This effect depends on various factors, such as the pattern and type of violence and the presence of support systems or caretakers for the child. Furthermore, Perry considered the age of the child an important factor that affects the child, considering that the human brain develops in a linear fashion, and certain developments only occur when a child reaches a specific age. Perry also believed that humans are capable of adapting to violence or trauma (Perry, 1997).            Perry also discussed the organization and function of the human brain. The brain has a hierarchical organization that functions to promote a person’s survival. Perry described that the brain matures throughout the life of a person. In relation to this development, Perry explained that there are factors affecting the process that lead to a child’s predisposition to violence. For Perry, violence is rooted in neurobiology, and factors that affect activity in different parts of the brain would affect a person’s propensity toward violence. Specifically, Perry explains that changes in the activity in the brainstem, such as stress, would increase a person’s propensity for violence (Perry, 1997).            Furthermore, Perry discussed different pathways to violence to which children may be exposed. Perry suggested that it is most dangerous when all different negative experiences, such as lack of care in childhood and physical abuse, combine and affect a child. Another important part of Perry’s observations are his discussion on the implications of the theory to the formulation of public policy. He purports that ultimately, the solution to problems of violence lie within primary prevention, through the transformation of violence (Perry, 1997).   In another article written by Perry (2001b), in â€Å"The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood, in Schetky D & Benedek, E. (Eds.) Textbook of child and adolescent forensic            psychiatry, he discussed how violence affects the development of a child’s brain. Perry noted that violence pervades American society despite its many technological advances. Thus, while violence is abhorred by many, there are a few solutions presented for its avoidance (Perry, 2001b).            Perry noted that violence is multidimensional and complex. It has different effects, both on adults and children. In particular, Perry pointed out that violence causes fear in children, which has negative consequences on the neurodevelopmental changes of a child, such as causing a child to become more susceptible to being violent (Perry, 2001b).            Perry further noted that violence could be seen in various situations, such as in the home, community, school, and media. It seems that violence is everywhere. Most especially in the United States, violence can be seen in the home, as shown by statistics (Perry, 2001b).            Perry then discussed how the brain works and develops in general. He stated that the brain grows more complex with age. Such development may cause some areas of the brain, such as the higher, sub-cortical and cortical areas, to become less impulsive. In turn, this may cause the brain to have lower excitatory activity. These tendencies may lead to increased tendencies of an individual to become aggressive and violent (Perry, 2001b).            Perry then noted the growing body of evidence supporting the position that the neurodevelopment processes of an individual’s developing brain is hindered or altered by exposure to violence. Thus, exposure to violence leads to the stimulation of responses from a child’s brain, causing alterations in the brain’s development and consequences as related to the brain’s function (Perry, 2001b).            A similar discussion on the effect of trauma on the development of the brain is provided by Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker and Vigilante (1996). In an article entitled â€Å"Childhood Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation & Use-dependent Development of the Brain: How States become Traits,†the authors provided observations on childhood trauma and its effect on the essential functioning of affected children. The researchers theorized that a mature brain is born out of developmental experiences. Therefore, neurodevelopment is important, and this occurs in a very critical point in a human’s life, which is his childhood. However, neurodevelopment is disturbed by experiences that disrupt the brain’s processes of organizing information, such as traumatic experiences (Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker & Vigilante, 1996).            The researchers believed that given an understanding of the effect of traumatic experiences on a child’s neurodevelopment, that modifications in public policy and societal perspectives may occur. Therefore, more research should be undertaken to explore this field of study (Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker & Vigilante, 1996). Conclusion.            All the articles provide insight on the relationship of various factors with children’s mental development. In particular, the articles endeavored and succeeded in analyzing data on the relationship between children’s brain development and traumatic events. There were detailed accounts on the specific brain areas that were affected by exposure to stress, such as the hippocampus and the brainstem. The time of exposure to trauma was also investigated to determine whether the size of a person’s hippocampus is predetermined prior or consequent to the exposure to stress. However, some of the articles did not discuss specific studies conducted that established the conclusions, but only discussed theories based on other studies. Therefore, more studies should be conducted, or more research made, to provide basis for some of the given conclusions. References Friedrich, W. N., Fisher, J., Broughton, D., Houston, M. & Shafran, C. R. (1998).           Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample. Pediatrics  101(4). Retrieved February 23, 2008, from   http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/101/4/e9. Ford, J. D. & Kidd, P. Early Childhood Trauma and Disorders of Extreme Stress as                 Predictors of Treatment Outcome with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Gilbertson, M. W., Shenton, M. E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N. B., Orr, S. P.,    Pitman, R. K. (2002). Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic   Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma. Nature Neuroscience 5(11), 1242-1247. Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the ‘Cycle of Violence’ In: Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions (J Osofsky,         Ed.). New York: Guilford Press, 124-148, Perry, B.D. (2001b). The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood. In          Schetky D & Benedek, E. (Eds.) Textbook of child and adolescent forensic        psychiatry. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. (221-238) Perry, B. D., Pollard, R. A., Blakley, T. L., Baker, W. L. & Vigilante, D. (1996). Childhood            Trauma, the Neurobiology of Adaptation & Use-dependent Development of the Brain: How States become Traits. Infant Mental Health Journal.  Â
Friday, January 3, 2020
Identify one health condition and discuss the impact on an...
Identify one health condition and discuss the impact on an individual and or wider society This essay will focus on the health condition of (HIV) Human immunodeficiency virus and its impact on an individual’s wellbeing. A number of key dictionary definitions will follow. According to the Oxford Dictionaries (2013) Health is defined as â€Å"A person’s medical and physical condition†. HIV is human immunodeficiency virus, a retrovirus which causes Aids. Oxford dictionaries (2013). These definitions refer to the Medical Model of health which focuses on the presence of disease and therefore the physical condition of the individual. According to Dr.David Zigmond (2ndmay 2010) The Medical Model assumes a simple mechanical view of illness and†¦show more content†¦According to the Nhs (2012) in the early stages most people infected with HIV experience a short period of flu like symptoms two to six weeks after infection. stages 2 and 3, if left untreated, it will weaken ability to fight infection so much that you become vulnerable to serious illnesses and may only live for 3 years, this stage of infection is known as AIDS. At this stage the person infected will experience nightsweats, lack of motivation, persistantant tiredness, significant weight loss, diarrhoea, shortness of breath, swollen glands and a fever over 37 degrees that last weeks, it is shown once aids has taken over your body at this stage you have an increased risk of developing and catching life-threatening illnesses. According to aidsmap and the NHS (2012 ) the average life expectancy for people who are HIV positive in the UK is 60. According to the NHS (2012) there is medication to treat HIV, but there is no cure. The medication taken is Antiretroviral drugs (appendix ). According to the BBC news 1st December 2012) it estimated In 2011, there were 2.5 million new infections - down 700,000 from the 2001 figure - and an estimated 1.7 million people died from Aids-related illnesses. That was 600,000 fewer than in 2005. each year treatment costs for someone diagnosed with HIV is  £320,000, Or  £1.2bn over their lifetimes. Therefore this shows physically people are living longer andShow More RelatedThe Impact Of Multiple Sclerosis1168 Words  | 5 PagesTitle Identify one health condition and discuss its impact on an individual and/or the wider society. This essay will look at Multiple Sclerosis and the impact that this health condition has on the physical and psychological wellbeing of an individual. 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